In Nara's ancient realm, blossoms bright,
Their fragrance wafts like a gentle flight,
The capital's charm, oh, how it gleams,
Now, in full bloom
Ancient Japan was a world of sound, an oral communication society. Chinese characters were introduced from the continent, leading to the birth of Man'yōgana, a script used for phonetic reading, essentially characters to be heard. Around the same time, Buddhism was introduced to Japan as a philosophical language expressing worldviews and perspectives on life and death.
Ancient Buddhism questioned how the world is perceived and how consciousness can be controlled. Humans possess a level of consciousness not found in insects or animals, and those with this consciousness have recognized Brahman (the universe) and Atman (the self), as described in Hinduism.
Brahman refers to the ultimate principle or reality that forms the entire universe and includes all living and non-living entities. On the other hand, Atman represents the innermost self or true self in human consciousness. "Brahman Atman Aikya" is a central concept in the Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, expressing the thought that Brahman (the ultimate reality of the universe) and Atman (the individual self) are essentially one.
This view of the universe shows that the principle of the universe and the principle of the individual coincide, conveying the idea that "all is one, and that one is all", and that the macrocosm and the microcosm align.
In ancient Brahmanism and early Buddhism in India, time is considered as Samsara, or cyclic existence. Humans, influenced by the deeds (Karma) of their past lives, continue to wander in this cyclic world. Recognition and enlightenment of the self (Atman) allows for liberation from this Karma and entry into the world of Nirvana. Liberation from the world of time is nothing other than eternity
In Christianity, it is said, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." God is an eternal being who creates time itself, and history is crafted according to God's plan. "Human beings are the unifiers of time and eternity." Humans dream of creating a utopia in the future and strive to make it a reality.
In ancient China, the cosmic order, or "Tian Dao," was seen as perpetually cycling with a certain order. When the order of Heaven is inherent in society, it becomes an ideal society, and when it is inherent in a person, they become a sage.
Ancient Buddhism and Hinduism acknowledge the existence of individual souls (Atman), but Buddhism teaches the concept of "Anatman," or "no-self." Buddha renounced his worldly life and undertook ascetic practices, aiming to attain the immortal Atman. At one point, he realized Anatman (no-self) and became an enlightened one, a Buddha. The self is understood as a product of a series of momentary sensations, emotions, thoughts, etc., all interacting and influencing each other. All these are seen as illusions, with beauty transforming into ugliness, love into hate, pleasure into pain, constantly changing. In other words, in Buddhism, what we perceive as ourselves or our ego is merely a series of changing states. Understanding this impermanence leads to liberation.
A Buddha is one who has realized the illusion of the self (Atman), experienced the no-self (Anatman), and entered Nirvana. The path to overcoming ignorance, the cause of suffering, is The eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path is indicative of this way to liberation.
The Eightfold Path consists of right view, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. It is the path that Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva used this knowledge to be liberated from suffering and to achieve enlightenment.
Subsequently, Buddha's enlightenment continued to live in the memories of those who heard his words. When those words were recorded, interpretations led to the emergence of sects. This gave rise to Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism, and texts such as the Lotus Sutra, the Avatamsaka Sutra, the Heart Sutra, and the Vimalakirti Sutra.
Buddhism, which arrived in Japan in the 6th century, received the support of the government and became the state religion from the latter half of the 7th century. In the 8th century, during the Tenpyo era, European, Indian, and Chinese cultures flowed into the capital Heijo-kyo via the Silk Road. Many items preserved in the Shosoin Treasure Repository were brought to Japan. Buddhism, centered around the Avatamsaka Sutra, became the Buddhism of the emperor and the royal family, and thus the state religion. Prayers and sutra readings were performed, grand Buddhist architectures were built, various colored Buddhist tools were displayed, and magnificent Buddha statues were erected.
In the latter half of the Nara period, Kukai, also known as Kobo Daishi, was recognized by the ruling government and promoted Buddhism. He opened a training ground for esoteric Buddhism on Mount Koya and eventually designated Toji in Kyoto as the fundamental dojo, renaming it Kyoogokokuji. Every New Year, rites were performed at the imperial palace to pray for peace in the world and the emperor's well-being.
Kukai's Buddhism is described as follows in his work "The Ten Stages of Mind of the Secret Mandala": As stages of consciousness, from the first stage of the ignorant ordinary person, the sense of morality sprouts in the second stage. In the third stage, a religious mind like that of a child is born, and a sense of peace arises. After passing through fearlessness, in the fourth stage, there are those who hear the teachings of the Buddha and awaken. The fifth stage is those who awaken on their own without relying on the teachings of the Buddha. In the sixth stage, a heart of altruism is born. In the seventh and eighth stages, one reaches the world of the Lotus Sutra, where everything in Mahayana Buddhism is pure, non-opposing, and as it is. The ninth stage is reaching the highest level of exoteric teachings, the Huayan School. The tenth stage is the world of esoteric Buddhism, reaching the secret mandala, enlightenment within oneself. This state of being one with the Bodhisattva mind is considered the secret majestic mind.
To reach this ideal state, one should live a life approaching and imitating Buddha. Through this, one unifies oneself with the Dainichi Nyorai (Mahavairocana Buddha). In the Heart Sutra, the famous mantra, "Go, go, go beyond, go thoroughly beyond, and establish yourself in enlightenment," is spoken.
In the concept of "Sokushin-Jobutsu," achieving Buddhahood in this very body is done through rituals and prayers. By burning Goma fire, chanting mantras, bowing towards the vividly colored Mandala of the main deity, making offerings, and concentrating on these actions, these teachings became popular as they were easy to understand for the Japanese emperors, nobles, and common people. On the flip side, this led to Buddhism becoming a worldly religion that prioritized rituals and prayers, drifting away from its original status as a global religion.
As the Nara period ended and the Heian period began, Buddhism evolved into a form more suited to the nobility, focusing on worldly prayers for healing from illnesses and dreams of a resplendent Pure Land in the afterlife, imbued with the faith of Jodo (Pure Land Buddhism). The impermanence and world-weariness in Buddhism became expressions of worldly disappointment due to heartbreak stories and loss of power, leading to an intertwining of the Heian nobility's aesthetic sensibilities and the Buddhist worldview. This saw a beauty in transience and fleeting things, thus creating an undercurrent of 'hakanaki' (transience) and 'mono no aware' (the pathos of things) in literary works.
"For this world now, if it is joyous, in the next world, even if I become a bug or a bird, I wouldn't mind." - Otomo no Tabito, Man’yōshū
In the era of the Man'yōshū poets, if the present world was joyous, they did not mind even if they became a bug or a bird in the next life. It was a time when the Buddhist concepts of reincarnation and the transience of this world were absent, and the enjoyment of the present world was the mainstream.